A long-term condition where the veins in the legs have difficulty returning blood to the heart efficiently. A common after-effect of DVT, CVI causes swelling, heaviness, and discomfort. Not always discussed in post-clot follow-up, but a lasting marker that clots leave on the body.

A long-term complication of DVT where damaged vein valves cause chronic pain, swelling, and sometimes skin changes in the affected leg. PTS affects a significant portion of DVT survivors and is one of the most underrecognized post-clot conditions.

The use of medication, commonly called blood thinners, to reduce the blood’s ability to form clots. Anticoagulation does not dissolve existing clots. It prevents new ones from forming while the body resolves the existing clot. Duration of anticoagulation is one of the most significant decisions in post-clot care.

A conversation between patient and provider where both contribute to a treatment decision. The provider brings clinical knowledge. You bring personal values, life circumstances, and preferences. Shared decision-making is the standard of care in VTE management, but it requires you to be informed and willing to participate.

In the context of warfarin (Coumadin), the target INR window — typically 2.0 to 3.0 — where the medication is effective without significantly increasing bleeding risk. Staying in range requires regular monitoring and consistency with food and medication timing.

A blood test that measures how long it takes blood to clot, used to monitor warfarin therapy. A higher INR means slower clotting, which reduces clot risk but increases bleeding risk. Checked regularly to ensure the patient stays in the therapeutic range.

A newer class of blood thinners — including apixaban (Eliquis), rivaroxaban (Xarelto), edoxaban (Savaysa), and dabigatran (Pradaxa) — that work differently from warfarin and generally require less monitoring. DOACs have become the standard first-line treatment for most VTE patients.

An inherited or acquired condition that increases the tendency of the blood to clot abnormally. Common inherited thrombophilias include Factor V Leiden and Prothrombin gene mutation. Having a thrombophilia doesn’t mean a clot is inevitable, but it influences treatment decisions significantly.

The most common inherited thrombophilia in people of European descent. A mutation in the Factor V gene makes the blood more likely to clot. Having Factor V Leiden raises VTE risk but does not cause a clot on its own — other factors typically need to be present.

A state in which the blood clots more readily than normal. It can be genetic, acquired (certain cancers, autoimmune conditions, pregnancy), or may be influenced by lifestyle factors like obesity, prolonged immobility, and chronic inflammation.

A protein that forms the structural mesh of a blood clot. When a clot forms, fibrin threads bind platelets together to create the clot structure. Clot-dissolving medications work by breaking down fibrin.

A clot-busting medication used in acute, life-threatening situations, including large pulmonary embolisms. tPA activates the body’s own clot-dissolving system. It carries a higher bleeding risk than standard anticoagulants and is reserved for the most severe cases.

A minimally invasive procedure used to treat large or dangerous clots. A catheter delivers clot-dissolving medication directly to the clot site, sometimes combined with ultrasound energy. The EKOS Endovascular System is one such device, and the intervention used in Val’s first PE.

A particularly serious type of PE where the clot straddles the main pulmonary artery at the point where it splits to serve both lungs. A saddle PE obstructs blood flow to both lungs simultaneously and is considered a medical emergency.

A condition that can occur with a large PE when the clot obstructs enough blood flow that the right ventricle has to work harder than normal. A key indicator of severity that influences treatment decisions, including whether more aggressive intervention is needed.

Elevated blood pressure in the lung arteries that can develop as a long-term complication of PE. When caused by unresolved clot material it is called Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH). Rarely discussed in standard post-PE follow-up but important to monitor.

Conditions related to the body’s metabolism — including obesity, insulin resistance, elevated triglycerides, and chronic inflammation — that influence vascular health and clotting risk. Not typically included in standard VTE provocation checklists, but research increasingly links them to unprovoked clotting events.

A persistent, low-grade inflammatory state associated with obesity, poor diet, chronic stress, and sleep disruption. Chronic inflammation affects the endothelium — the lining of blood vessels — and is increasingly recognized as a contributor to vascular and cardiovascular risk including VTE.

The thin layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels. A healthy endothelium resists clotting and regulates blood flow. When damaged or inflamed — by conditions like obesity, smoking, chronic stress, or high blood pressure — the risk of clot formation increases.

The three conditions that together create the environment for a blood clot: stasis (slowed blood flow), endothelial injury (damage to the vessel wall), and hypercoagulability (increased clotting tendency). The foundational framework for how clinicians think about clot risk, and one every survivor deserves to understand.

The ability to find, understand, and use health information to make informed decisions about your care. Health literacy is not about intelligence — it is about access, language, and confidence in the medical setting. Low health literacy is associated with worse outcomes across conditions including VTE.

The degree to which a patient has the knowledge, skills, and confidence to manage their own health. A highly activated patient asks questions, understands their diagnosis, participates in treatment decisions, and takes consistent action outside of appointments. One of the strongest predictors of long-term health outcomes.

An evidence-based clinical discipline focused on the role of lifestyle behaviors — nutrition, physical activity, sleep, stress management, social connection, and substance avoidance — in the prevention and management of chronic disease. Val is a member of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine (ACLM).

A dietary approach focused on foods that reduce chronic inflammation — primarily whole plant foods, omega-3 rich sources, and minimally processed options — while limiting foods that promote inflammation such as refined carbohydrates, processed meats, and added sugars. Directly relevant to vascular health and post-clot recovery.

The community term used among blood clot survivors to mark the anniversary of their clot event. Used widely in the VTE patient community, including by NBCA, as a moment of reflection, gratitude, and continued awareness. A reminder that surviving is worth marking.

Beyond the formal definition of informed consent, informed participation is the ongoing practice of staying engaged, asking questions, and understanding the reasoning behind your care — not just signing a form. The difference between being a patient and being a participant in your own health.